Neuroinflammation and its role in the development of neurological diseases (Multiple Sclerosis, Neurodegeneration)

Abstract

Neuroinflammation refers to immune-related inflammatory processes within the central nervous system (CNS). It involves activation of microglia and astrocytes, altered blood–brain barrier (BBB) function, recruitment of peripheral immune cells, and release of inflammatory mediators (cytokines, chemokines, reactive oxygen/nitrogen species). In acute or controlled form, neuroinflammation can be protective by clearing debris and supporting repair. However, when inflammation becomes chronic or dysregulated, it contributes to neuronal dysfunction, synaptic damage, demyelination, and progressive neurodegeneration.